Node.js 高级编程之 cluster

前言

日常工作中,对 Node.js 的使用都比较粗浅,趁未羊之际,来学点稍微高级的,那就先从 cluster 开始吧。

鲁迅说过,“带着问题去学习是一个比较好的方法”,所以我们也来试一试。

当初使用 cluster 时,一直好奇它是怎么做到多个子进程监听同一个端口而不冲突的,比如下面这段代码:

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const cluster = require('cluster')
const net = require('net')
const cpus = require('os').cpus()

if (cluster.isPrimary) {
for (let i = 0; i < cpus.length; i++) {
cluster.fork()
}
} else {
net
.createServer(function (socket) {
socket.on('data', function (data) {
socket.write(`Reply from ${process.pid}: ` + data.toString())
})
socket.on('end', function () {
console.log('Close')
})
socket.write('Hello!\n')
})
.listen(9999)
}

该段代码通过父进程 fork 出了多个子进程,且这些子进程都监听了 9999 这个端口并能正常提供服务,这是如何做到的呢?我们来研究一下。

准备调试环境

学习 Node.js 官方提供库最好的方式当然是调试一下,所以,我们先来准备一下环境。注:本文的操作系统为 macOS Big Sur 11.6.6,其他系统请自行准备相应环境。

编译 Node.js

  1. 下载 Node.js 源码
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git clone https://github.com/nodejs/node.git

然后在下面这两个地方加入断点,方便后面调试用:

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// lib/internal/cluster/primary.js
function queryServer(worker, message) {
debugger;
// Stop processing if worker already disconnecting
if (worker.exitedAfterDisconnect) return;

...
}
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// lib/internal/cluster/child.js
send(message, (reply, handle) => {
debugger
if (typeof obj._setServerData === 'function') obj._setServerData(reply.data)

if (handle) {
// Shared listen socket
shared(reply, {handle, indexesKey, index}, cb)
} else {
// Round-robin.
rr(reply, {indexesKey, index}, cb)
}
})
  1. 进入目录,执行
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./configure --debug
make -j4

之后会生成 out/Debug/node

准备 IDE 环境

使用 vscode 调试,配置好 launch.json 就可以了(其他 IDE 类似,请自行解决):

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{
"version": "0.2.0",
"configurations": [
{
"name": "Debug C++",
"type": "cppdbg",
"program": "/Users/youxingzhi/ayou/node/out/Debug/node",
"request": "launch",
"args": ["/Users/youxingzhi/ayou/node/index.js"],
"stopAtEntry": false,
"cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
"environment": [],
"externalConsole": false,
"MIMode": "lldb"
},
{
"name": "Debug Node",
"type": "node",
"runtimeExecutable": "/Users/youxingzhi/ayou/node/out/Debug/node",
"request": "launch",
"args": ["--expose-internals", "--nolazy"],
"skipFiles": [],
"program": "${workspaceFolder}/index.js"
}
]
}

其中第一个是用于调式 C++ 代码(需要安装 C/C++ 插件),第二个用于调式 JS 代码。接下来就可以开始调试了,我们暂时用调式 JS 代码的那个配置就好了。

Cluster 源码调试

准备好调试代码(为了调试而已,这里启动一个子进程就够了):

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debugger
const cluster = require('cluster')
const net = require('net')

if (cluster.isPrimary) {
debugger
cluster.fork()
} else {
const server = net.createServer(function (socket) {
socket.on('data', function (data) {
socket.write(`Reply from ${process.pid}: ` + data.toString())
})
socket.on('end', function () {
console.log('Close')
})
socket.write('Hello!\n')
})
debugger
server.listen(9999)
}

很明显,我们的程序可以分父进程和子进程这两部分来进行分析。

首先进入的是父进程:

执行 require('cluster') 时,会进入 lib/cluster.js 这个文件:

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const childOrPrimary = 'NODE_UNIQUE_ID' in process.env ? 'child' : 'primary'
module.exports = require(`internal/cluster/${childOrPrimary}`)

会根据当前 process.env 上是否有 NODE_UNIQUE_ID 来引入不同的模块,此时是没有的,所以会引入 internal/cluster/primary.js 这个模块:

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...
const cluster = new EventEmitter();
...
module.exports = cluster

const handles = new SafeMap()
cluster.isWorker = false
cluster.isMaster = true // Deprecated alias. Must be same as isPrimary.
cluster.isPrimary = true
cluster.Worker = Worker
cluster.workers = {}
cluster.settings = {}
cluster.SCHED_NONE = SCHED_NONE // Leave it to the operating system.
cluster.SCHED_RR = SCHED_RR // Primary distributes connections.
...
cluster.schedulingPolicy = schedulingPolicy

cluster.setupPrimary = function (options) {
...
}

// Deprecated alias must be same as setupPrimary
cluster.setupMaster = cluster.setupPrimary

function setupSettingsNT(settings) {
...
}

function createWorkerProcess(id, env) {
...
}

function removeWorker(worker) {
...
}

function removeHandlesForWorker(worker) {
...
}

cluster.fork = function (env) {
...
}

该模块主要是在 cluster 对象上挂载了一些属性和方法,并导出,这些后面回过头再看,我们继续往下调试。往下调试会进入 if (cluster.isPrimary) 分支,代码很简单,仅仅是 fork 出了一个新的子进程而已:

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// lib/internal/cluster/primary.js
cluster.fork = function (env) {
cluster.setupPrimary()
const id = ++ids
const workerProcess = createWorkerProcess(id, env)
const worker = new Worker({
id: id,
process: workerProcess,
})

...

worker.process.on('internalMessage', internal(worker, onmessage))
process.nextTick(emitForkNT, worker)
cluster.workers[worker.id] = worker
return worker
}

cluster.setupPrimary():比较简单,初始化一些参数啥的。

createWorkerProcess(id, env)

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// lib/internal/cluster/primary.js
function createWorkerProcess(id, env) {
const workerEnv = {...process.env, ...env, NODE_UNIQUE_ID: `${id}`}
const execArgv = [...cluster.settings.execArgv]

...

return fork(cluster.settings.exec, cluster.settings.args, {
cwd: cluster.settings.cwd,
env: workerEnv,
serialization: cluster.settings.serialization,
silent: cluster.settings.silent,
windowsHide: cluster.settings.windowsHide,
execArgv: execArgv,
stdio: cluster.settings.stdio,
gid: cluster.settings.gid,
uid: cluster.settings.uid,
})
}

可以看到,该方法主要是通过 fork 启动了一个子进程来执行我们的 index.js,且启动子进程的时候设置了环境变量 NODE_UNIQUE_ID,这样 index.jsrequire('cluster') 的时候,引入的就是 internal/cluster/child.js 模块了。

worker.process.on('internalMessage', internal(worker, onmessage)):监听子进程传递过来的消息并处理。

接下来就进入了子进程的逻辑:

前面说了,此时引入的是 internal/cluster/child.js 模块,我们先跳过,继续往下,执行 server.listen(9999) 时实际上是调用了 Server 上的方法:

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// lib/net.js
Server.prototype.listen = function (...args) {
...
listenInCluster(
this,
null,
options.port | 0,
4,
backlog,
undefined,
options.exclusive
);
}

可以看到,最终是调用了 listenInCluster

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// lib/net.js
function listenInCluster(
server,
address,
port,
addressType,
backlog,
fd,
exclusive,
flags,
options
) {
exclusive = !!exclusive

if (cluster === undefined) cluster = require('cluster')

if (cluster.isPrimary || exclusive) {
// Will create a new handle
// _listen2 sets up the listened handle, it is still named like this
// to avoid breaking code that wraps this method
server._listen2(address, port, addressType, backlog, fd, flags)
return
}

const serverQuery = {
address: address,
port: port,
addressType: addressType,
fd: fd,
flags,
backlog,
...options,
}
// Get the primary's server handle, and listen on it
cluster._getServer(server, serverQuery, listenOnPrimaryHandle)

function listenOnPrimaryHandle(err, handle) {
err = checkBindError(err, port, handle)

if (err) {
const ex = exceptionWithHostPort(err, 'bind', address, port)
return server.emit('error', ex)
}

// Reuse primary's server handle
server._handle = handle
// _listen2 sets up the listened handle, it is still named like this
// to avoid breaking code that wraps this method
server._listen2(address, port, addressType, backlog, fd, flags)
}
}

由于是在子进程中执行,所以最后会调用 cluster._getServer(server, serverQuery, listenOnPrimaryHandle)

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// lib/internal/cluster/child.js
// 这里的 cb 就是上面的 listenOnPrimaryHandle
cluster._getServer = function (obj, options, cb) {
...
send(message, (reply, handle) => {
debugger
if (typeof obj._setServerData === 'function') obj._setServerData(reply.data)

if (handle) {
// Shared listen socket
shared(reply, {handle, indexesKey, index}, cb)
} else {
// Round-robin.
rr(reply, {indexesKey, index}, cb)
}
})

...
}

该函数最终会向父进程发送 queryServer 的消息,父进程处理完后会调用回调函数,回调函数中会调用 cblistenOnPrimaryHandle。看来,listen 的逻辑是在父进程中进行的了。

接下来进入父进程:

父进程收到 queryServer 的消息后,最终会调用 queryServer 这个方法:

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// lib/internal/cluster/primary.js
function queryServer(worker, message) {
// Stop processing if worker already disconnecting
if (worker.exitedAfterDisconnect) return

const key =
`${message.address}:${message.port}:${message.addressType}:` +
`${message.fd}:${message.index}`
let handle = handles.get(key)

if (handle === undefined) {
let address = message.address

// Find shortest path for unix sockets because of the ~100 byte limit
if (
message.port < 0 &&
typeof address === 'string' &&
process.platform !== 'win32'
) {
address = path.relative(process.cwd(), address)

if (message.address.length < address.length) address = message.address
}

// UDP is exempt from round-robin connection balancing for what should
// be obvious reasons: it's connectionless. There is nothing to send to
// the workers except raw datagrams and that's pointless.
if (
schedulingPolicy !== SCHED_RR ||
message.addressType === 'udp4' ||
message.addressType === 'udp6'
) {
handle = new SharedHandle(key, address, message)
} else {
handle = new RoundRobinHandle(key, address, message)
}

handles.set(key, handle)
}

...
}

可以看到,这里主要是对 handle 的处理,这里的 handle 指的是调度策略,分为 SharedHandleRoundRobinHandle,分别对应抢占式和轮询两种策略(文章最后补充部分有关于两者对比的例子)。

Node.js 中默认是 RoundRobinHandle 策略,可通过环境变量 NODE_CLUSTER_SCHED_POLICY 来修改,取值可以为 noneSharedHandle) 或 rrRoundRobinHandle)。

SharedHandle

首先,我们来看一下 SharedHandle,由于我们这里是 TCP 协议,所以最后会通过 net._createServerHandle 创建一个 TCP 对象挂载在 handle 属性上(注意这里又有一个 handle,别搞混了):

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// lib/internal/cluster/shared_handle.js
function SharedHandle(key, address, {port, addressType, fd, flags}) {
this.key = key
this.workers = new SafeMap()
this.handle = null
this.errno = 0

let rval
if (addressType === 'udp4' || addressType === 'udp6')
rval = dgram._createSocketHandle(address, port, addressType, fd, flags)
else rval = net._createServerHandle(address, port, addressType, fd, flags)

if (typeof rval === 'number') this.errno = rval
else this.handle = rval
}

createServerHandle 中除了创建 TCP 对象外,还绑定了端口和地址:

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// lib/net.js
function createServerHandle(address, port, addressType, fd, flags) {
...
} else {
handle = new TCP(TCPConstants.SERVER);
isTCP = true;
}

if (address || port || isTCP) {
...
err = handle.bind6(address, port, flags);
} else {
err = handle.bind(address, port);
}
}

...
return handle;
}

然后,queryServer 中继续执行,会调用 add 方法,最终会将 handle 也就是 TCP 对象传递给子进程:

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// lib/internal/cluster/primary.js
function queryServer(worker, message) {
...
if (!handle.data) handle.data = message.data

// Set custom server data
handle.add(worker, (errno, reply, handle) => {
const {data} = handles.get(key)

if (errno) handles.delete(key) // Gives other workers a chance to retry.

send(
worker,
{
errno,
key,
ack: message.seq,
data,
...reply,
},
handle // TCP 对象
)
})
...
}

之后进入子进程:

子进程收到父进程对于 queryServer 的回复后,会调用 shared

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// lib/internal/cluster/child.js
// `obj` is a net#Server or a dgram#Socket object.
cluster._getServer = function (obj, options, cb) {
...

send(message, (reply, handle) => {
if (typeof obj._setServerData === 'function') obj._setServerData(reply.data)

if (handle) {
// Shared listen socket
shared(reply, {handle, indexesKey, index}, cb)
} else {
// Round-robin.
rr(reply, {indexesKey, index}, cb) // cb 是 listenOnPrimaryHandle
}
})
...
}

shared 中最后会调用 cb 也就是 listenOnPrimaryHandle

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// lib/net.js
function listenOnPrimaryHandle(err, handle) {
err = checkBindError(err, port, handle)

if (err) {
const ex = exceptionWithHostPort(err, 'bind', address, port)
return server.emit('error', ex)
}
// Reuse primary's server handle 这里的 server 是 index.js 中 net.createServer 返回的那个对象
server._handle = handle
// _listen2 sets up the listened handle, it is still named like this
// to avoid breaking code that wraps this method
server._listen2(address, port, addressType, backlog, fd, flags)
}

这里会把 handle 赋值给 server._handle,这里的 serverindex.jsnet.createServer 返回的那个对象,并调用 server._listen2,也就是 setupListenHandle

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// lib/net.js
function setupListenHandle(address, port, addressType, backlog, fd, flags) {
debug('setupListenHandle', address, port, addressType, backlog, fd)
// If there is not yet a handle, we need to create one and bind.
// In the case of a server sent via IPC, we don't need to do this.
if (this._handle) {
debug('setupListenHandle: have a handle already')
} else {
...
}

this[async_id_symbol] = getNewAsyncId(this._handle)
this._handle.onconnection = onconnection
this._handle[owner_symbol] = this

// Use a backlog of 512 entries. We pass 511 to the listen() call because
// the kernel does: backlogsize = roundup_pow_of_two(backlogsize + 1);
// which will thus give us a backlog of 512 entries.
const err = this._handle.listen(backlog || 511)

if (err) {
const ex = uvExceptionWithHostPort(err, 'listen', address, port)
this._handle.close()
this._handle = null
defaultTriggerAsyncIdScope(
this[async_id_symbol],
process.nextTick,
emitErrorNT,
this,
ex
)
return
}
}

首先会执行 this._handle.onconnection = onconnection,由于客户端请求过来时会调用 this._handle(也就是 TCP 对象)上的 onconnection 方法,也就是会执行
lib/net.js 中的 onconnection 方法建立连接,之后就可以通信了。为了控制篇幅,该方法就不继续往下了。

然后调用 listen 监听,注意这里参数 backlog 跟之前不同,不是表示端口,而是表示在拒绝连接之前,操作系统可以挂起的最大连接数量,也就是连接请求的排队数量。我们平时遇到的 listen EADDRINUSE: address already in use 错误就是因为这行代码返回了非 0 的错误。

如果还有其他子进程,也会同样走一遍上述的步骤,不同之处是在主进程中 queryServer 时,由于已经有 handle 了,不需要再重新创建了:

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function queryServer(worker, message) {
debugger;
// Stop processing if worker already disconnecting
if (worker.exitedAfterDisconnect) return;

const key =
`${message.address}:${message.port}:${message.addressType}:` +
`${message.fd}:${message.index}`;
let handle = handles.get(key);
...
}

以上内容整理成流程图如下:

所谓的 SharedHandle,其实是在多个子进程中共享 handlefd,当客户端请求过来时,多个进程会去竞争该请求的处理权,会导致任务分配不均的问题,这也是为什么需要 RoundRobinHandle 的原因。接下来继续看看这种调度方式。

RoundRobinHandle

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// lib/internal/cluster/round_robin_handle.js
function RoundRobinHandle(
key,
address,
{port, fd, flags, backlog, readableAll, writableAll}
) {
...
this.server = net.createServer(assert.fail)

...
else if (port >= 0) {
this.server.listen({
port,
host: address,
// Currently, net module only supports `ipv6Only` option in `flags`.
ipv6Only: Boolean(flags & constants.UV_TCP_IPV6ONLY),
backlog,
})
}
...
this.server.once('listening', () => {
this.handle = this.server._handle
this.handle.onconnection = (err, handle) => {
this.distribute(err, handle)
}
this.server._handle = null
this.server = null
})
}

如上所示,RoundRobinHandle 会调用 net.createServer() 创建一个 server,然后调用 listen 方法,最终会来到 setupListenHandle

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// lib/net.js
function setupListenHandle(address, port, addressType, backlog, fd, flags) {
debug('setupListenHandle', address, port, addressType, backlog, fd)
// If there is not yet a handle, we need to create one and bind.
// In the case of a server sent via IPC, we don't need to do this.
if (this._handle) {
debug('setupListenHandle: have a handle already')
} else {
debug('setupListenHandle: create a handle')

let rval = null

// Try to bind to the unspecified IPv6 address, see if IPv6 is available
if (!address && typeof fd !== 'number') {
rval = createServerHandle(DEFAULT_IPV6_ADDR, port, 6, fd, flags)

if (typeof rval === 'number') {
rval = null
address = DEFAULT_IPV4_ADDR
addressType = 4
} else {
address = DEFAULT_IPV6_ADDR
addressType = 6
}
}

if (rval === null)
rval = createServerHandle(address, port, addressType, fd, flags)

if (typeof rval === 'number') {
const error = uvExceptionWithHostPort(rval, 'listen', address, port)
process.nextTick(emitErrorNT, this, error)
return
}
this._handle = rval
}

this[async_id_symbol] = getNewAsyncId(this._handle)
this._handle.onconnection = onconnection
this._handle[owner_symbol] = this

...
}

且由于此时 this._handle 为空,会调用 createServerHandle() 生成一个 TCP 对象作为 _handle。之后就跟 SharedHandle 一样了,最后也会回到子进程:

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// lib/internal/cluster/child.js
// `obj` is a net#Server or a dgram#Socket object.
cluster._getServer = function (obj, options, cb) {
...

send(message, (reply, handle) => {
if (typeof obj._setServerData === 'function') obj._setServerData(reply.data)

if (handle) {
// Shared listen socket
shared(reply, {handle, indexesKey, index}, cb)
} else {
// Round-robin.
rr(reply, {indexesKey, index}, cb) // cb 是 listenOnPrimaryHandle
}
})
...
}

不过由于 RoundRobinHandle 不会传递 handle 给子进程,所以此时会执行 rr

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function rr(message, {indexesKey, index}, cb) {
...
// Faux handle. Mimics a TCPWrap with just enough fidelity to get away
// with it. Fools net.Server into thinking that it's backed by a real
// handle. Use a noop function for ref() and unref() because the control
// channel is going to keep the worker alive anyway.
const handle = {close, listen, ref: noop, unref: noop}

if (message.sockname) {
handle.getsockname = getsockname // TCP handles only.
}

assert(handles.has(key) === false)
handles.set(key, handle)
debugger
cb(0, handle)
}

可以看到,这里构造了一个假的 handle,然后执行 cb 也就是 listenOnPrimaryHandle。最终跟 SharedHandle 一样会调用 setupListenHandle 执行 this._handle.onconnection = onconnection

RoundRobinHandle 逻辑到此就结束了,好像缺了点什么的样子。回顾下,我们给每个子进程中的 server 上都挂载了一个假的 handle,但它跟绑定了端口的 TCP 对象没有任何关系,如果客户端请求过来了,是不会执行它上面的 onconnection 方法的。之所以要这样写,估计是为了保持跟之前 SharedHandle 代码逻辑的统一。

此时,我们需要回到 RoundRobinHandle,有这样一段代码:

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// lib/internal/cluster/round_robin_handle.js
this.server.once('listening', () => {
this.handle = this.server._handle
this.handle.onconnection = (err, handle) => {
this.distribute(err, handle)
}
this.server._handle = null
this.server = null
})

listen 执行完后,会触发 listening 事件的回调,这里重写了 handle 上面的 onconnection

所以,当客户端请求过来时,会调用 distribute 在多个子进程中轮询分发,这里又有一个 handle,这里的 handle 姑且理解为 clientHandle,即客户端连接的 handle,别搞混了。总之,最后会将这个 clientHandle 发送给子进程:

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// lib/internal/cluster/round_robin_handle.js
RoundRobinHandle.prototype.handoff = function (worker) {
...

const message = { act: 'newconn', key: this.key };
// 这里的 handle 是 clientHandle
sendHelper(worker.process, message, handle, (reply) => {
if (reply.accepted) handle.close();
else this.distribute(0, handle); // Worker is shutting down. Send to another.

this.handoff(worker);
});
};

而子进程在 require('cluster') 时,已经监听了该事件:

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// lib/internal/cluster/child.js
process.on('internalMessage', internal(worker, onmessage))
send({act: 'online'})

function onmessage(message, handle) {
if (message.act === 'newconn') onconnection(message, handle)
else if (message.act === 'disconnect')
ReflectApply(_disconnect, worker, [true])
}

最终也同样会走到 net.js 中的 function onconnection(err, clientHandle) 方法。这个方法第二个参数名就叫 clientHandle,这也是为什么前面的 handle 我想叫这个名字的原因。

还是用图来总结下:

SharedHandle 不同的是,该调度策略中 onconnection 最开始是在主进程中触发的,然后通过轮询算法挑选一个子进程,将 clientHandle 传递给它。

为什么端口不冲突

cluster 模块的调试就到此告一段落了,接下来我们来回答一下一开始的问题,为什么多个进程监听同一个端口没有报错?

网上有些文章说是因为设置了 SO_REUSEADDR,但其实跟这个没关系。通过上面的分析知道,不管什么调度策略,最终都只会在主进程中对 TCP 对象 bind 一次。

我们可以修改一下源代码来测试一下:

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// deps/uv/src/unix/tcp.c 下面的 SO_REUSEADDR 改成 SO_DEBUG
if (setsockopt(tcp->io_watcher.fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &on, sizeof(on)))

编译后执行发现,我们仍然可以正常使用 cluster 模块。

那这个 SO_REUSEADDR 到底影响的是啥呢?我们继续来研究一下。

SO_REUSEADDR

首先,我们我们知道,下面的代码是会报错的:

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const net = require('net')
const server1 = net.createServer()
const server2 = net.createServer()
server1.listen(9999)
server2.listen(9999)

但是,如果我稍微修改一下,就不会报错了:

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const net = require('net')
const server1 = net.createServer()
const server2 = net.createServer()
server1.listen(9999, '127.0.0.1')
server2.listen(9999, '10.53.48.67')

原因在于 listen 时,如果不指定 address,则相当于绑定了所有地址,当两个 server 都这样做时,请求到来就不知道要给谁处理了。

我们可以类比成找对象,port 是对外貌的要求,address 是对城市的要求。现在甲乙都想要一个 port1米7以上 不限城市的对象,那如果有一个 1米7以上 来自 深圳 的对象,就不知道介绍给谁了。而如果两者都指定了城市就好办多了。

那如果一个指定了 address,一个没有呢?就像下面这样:

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const net = require('net')
const server1 = net.createServer()
const server2 = net.createServer()
server1.listen(9999, '127.0.0.1')
server2.listen(9999)

结果是:设置了 SO_REUSEADDR 可以正常运行,而修改成 SO_DEBUG 的会报错。

还是上面的例子,甲对城市没有限制,乙需要是来自 深圳 的,那当一个对象来自 深圳,我们可以选择优先介绍给乙,非 深圳 的就选择介绍给甲,这个就是 SO_REUSEADDR 的作用。

补充

SharedHandleRoundRobinHandle 两种模式的对比

先准备下测试代码:

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// cluster.js
const cluster = require('cluster')
const net = require('net')

if (cluster.isMaster) {
for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
cluster.fork()
}
} else {
const server = net.createServer()
server.on('connection', (socket) => {
console.log(`PID: ${process.pid}!`)
})
server.listen(9997)
}
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// client.js
const net = require('net')
for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
net.connect({port: 9997})
}

RoundRobin
先执行 node cluster.js,然后执行 node client.js,会看到如下输出,可以看到没有任何一个进程的 PID 是紧挨着的。至于为什么没有一直按照一样的顺序,后面再研究一下。

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PID: 42904!
PID: 42906!
PID: 42905!
PID: 42904!
PID: 42907!
PID: 42905!
PID: 42906!
PID: 42907!
PID: 42904!
PID: 42905!
PID: 42906!
PID: 42907!
PID: 42904!
PID: 42905!
PID: 42906!
PID: 42907!
PID: 42904!
PID: 42905!
PID: 42906!
PID: 42904!

Shared

先执行 NODE_CLUSTER_SCHED_POLICY=none node cluster.js,则 Node.js 会使用 SharedHandle,然后执行 node client.js,会看到如下输出,可以看到同一个 PID 连续输出了多次,所以这种策略会导致进程任务分配不均的现象。就像公司里有些人忙到 996,有些人天天摸鱼,这显然不是老板愿意看到的现象,所以不推荐使用。

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PID: 42561!
PID: 42562!
PID: 42561!
PID: 42562!
PID: 42564!
PID: 42561!
PID: 42562!
PID: 42563!
PID: 42561!
PID: 42562!
PID: 42563!
PID: 42564!
PID: 42564!
PID: 42564!
PID: 42564!
PID: 42564!
PID: 42563!
PID: 42563!
PID: 42564!
PID: 42563!

参考

https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1600191
https://www.jianshu.com/p/141aa1c41f15
https://theanarkh.github.io/understand-nodejs/chapter15-Cluster/
https://www.tripfe.cn/node-js-four-postures-of-source-code-debugging/

https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000005069010